HRs Role in a Strategic Acquisition of Wordsmith Company Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The suggestion of Alan of targeting the people closer to retirement age in order to implement the redundancy process can hamper the overall workplace performance. It is true that employees are considered as the major business growth drivers. Old and experienced employees are considered as strongest assets of an organization. Termination of old employees can affect the motivation level of the newly recruited and young employees. Social needs and job security of employees in the workplace is important to think to consider as it helps the employees to motivate for effective workplace performance. This redundancy process for the old and experienced employees can create job insecurity among the employees. It is important for the organization to consider Maslow s hierarchy of needs theory as the motivation of the employees to perform effectively is an important thing for an organization. In addition to this, it is clear from the above discussion that the implementation of redundancy proce ss in the workplace and targeting the old employees will force the governmental bodies to interfere in the human resource operational process of Wordsmith. It is important for the organization to consider different approaches in the human resource management strategy development to overcome the possible future challenges and issues that can hamper the entire business performance and organizational image of the Wordsmith retail chain booksellers. We will write a custom essay sample on HR's Role in a Strategic Acquisition of Wordsmith Company or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In this case, Wordsmith has a stable HRIMS. This means that all the data and information regarding the various trends of human resources like the attrition rates, the turnover, and the salary of the employees at the different levels of hierarchy as well as the number of employees whether full time or part time is accounted and registered in the system. This provides timely access to the HR data to the managers of Wordsmith as and when required. In contrast, Mainly books do not have any standardized HR information management systems. This lack of organization of the information often leads to confusion in the recruitment policy or the other human resource management policies of the company.

Poem Analysis `` Stop All The Clocks `` Cut Off The...

When Poems are written, authors incorporate important literary devices that constructs the meaning of their poem. However, while analyzing W.H Auden â€Å" Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone† the rhyme scheme was simple. On the other hand, Wilfred Owen â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† had a different rhyme scheme concept. This could be because of the writing style of the poem, and how it flows with the setting. In the poem W.H Auden â€Å"Stop all the clock, cut off the telephone† the rhyme was simple, and the reason why it is simple is because it has a constant pattern. The rhyme scheme goes A, A, B, B, C, C, D, D, E, E, F, F, G, G, H, H. Auden decided to have a simple rhyme scheme because the setting of the poem is during a funeral. Also, the ending of each word has an affiliation with words that represent a funeral surrounding. According to Auden â€Å"Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone†(line 1). This line shows someone attending a funeral, a nd Auden ends the line with telephone because when someone is at a funeral, they are suppose to turn off their phone, and pay their respect to the dead. Furthermore, Auden emphasizes â€Å"Scribbling on the sky the message He Is Dead,†(line 6). Auden capitalize the â€Å"He Is Dead† because once again it’s a funeral and people only go to funeral when someone they know has passed away. So that is why he emphasizes the He Is Dead at the ending of the line. Additionally, usually a funeral has a quiet and, depress atmosphere. In Auden poem â€Å"Stop all theShow MoreRelatedFuneral Blues1560 Words   |  7 PagesIn the poem â€Å"Funeral Blues,† W.H. Auden’s choice of diction allows the reader a greater understanding of the intensity and depth of feeling experienced upon the loss of a loved one. Likewise, the symbolism used by the poet pulls us into the actual world of the grief stricken as he searches for ways to mourn this passing. Auden’s choice of diction here was used to drawn the reader into the emotional disrepair felt by the afflicted. He shortens sentences and uses comparisons to the destruction leftRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Lullaby 2626 Words   |  11 Pageswhatever happens during the passage of time, sickness can destroy one’s beauty, we all someday be consumed by death. The author paints the impression of love as a universal language that is engages everyone, the galaxy included. The writer sets the tone to be prepared for such circumstances, but until death his lover’s beauty is intact. The Structure Lullaby has no clearly defined structure. Each stanza in the poem presents different ideas ending in diverse thought process. The meaning in each stanzaRead MoreAnalysis Of Auden s The Unknown Citizen, And Funeral Blues All By Auden2119 Words   |  9 Pagesin the Spanish Civil War, but his social views were always more complex labels that were given to him. Three works of Auden that can be analysed are â€Å"September 1, 1939†, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen†, and â€Å"Funeral Blues† all by Auden all share ideas of totalitarianism and death even though they all have varying structures. Auden was born in York, England on February 21, 1907. He was raised in a very industrial area in Northern England. His father was a very prominent physician, and his mother was a strictRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesSemiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6 7 8 9 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesfrmiu/i  «...* „.;i†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/ . †¢ . . †¢. »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢.. . .. †¢..†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢.-.†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢a/itiktSii^i THE FREE PRESS A Division of Simon Schuster Inc. 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 Copyright  © 1998 by Henry Mintzberg, Ltd., Bruce Ahlstrand, and Joseph Lampel All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. THE FREE PRESS and colophon are trademarks of Simon Schuster Inc. Designed by Carla Bolte Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 PermissionsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesCopyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests thatRead MoreW1 Active Adj14109 Words   |  57 Pageswords in both spoken and written English, based on statistical analysis of the 390 million words contained in the Longman Corpus Network – a group of corpuses or databases of authentic English language. The Longman Communication 3000 represents the core of the English language and shows students of English which words are the most important for them to learn and study in order to communicate effectively in both speech and writing. Analysis of the Longman Corpus Network shows that these 3000 most frequentRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice H all. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any

Network Architecture And The Standards - 1150 Words

Introduction This paper explores the understanding of network technology concepts and their relations to establishing networks. In addition, this paper will cover the network architecture and the standards that must be address prior, during and finalization of a network. Before we can build any type of network, we must understand the network technology concepts and how to apply them to a network. By establishing a foundation to build upon, require checks and balances in order to have a successful network operational. There are many criterions that needs to be set forth and has to be completed in establishing any type of network. Network Technology Concepts There are numerous network technology concepts that have been incorporated with†¦show more content†¦The peer-to-peer network is a type of network that does not use dedicated network servers for logging in users or providing secure access to network resources. This type of network lets clients share resources and have access to whatever they are sharing (i.e. printers). This type of network would be an excellent choice for small businesses with less than 10 employees because it enables them to share resources from their computer. These resources can be files, printers, and Internet connections. This type of network is a cost effective solution due to having less management or support from outside experts. This type of network setup and usage is simple, but it is less secure and be vulnerable to security breaches. The second network is the client-server network, which does use a dedicated server. It uses the dedicated server to centralize users and manage group accounts. In a client-server network, the server controls access to the resources to the other computers on the network and clients do not talk directly to one another (West, Dean, Andrews, 2015). Users at a client or workstation log on to the server using their own accounts and passwords. The users can only access resources that they were given permission for. This type of network is used for larger businesses to meet complex and challenging needs. This type of network has the potential to grow as the business grows. But, this can have a significant effect on cost

Differences Between Domestic and International Hrm free essay sample

Differences between domestic and international HRM 1. Introduction With the development of globalization, the blending and collision of domestic enterprises and foreign enterprises is becoming more and more fierce (Xinqi, 2004). More and more foreigners are sent out of their own countries and work in another country. It is probably no exaggeration to say that every day in every country in the world, there are people being sent out and sent in.And the increase of expatriates between one country and another country inevitably bring new challenges to human resource management, such as culture shock and the differences between domestic HRM and international HRM. Many firms underestimate the complexities and problems involved in international businesses, and do not pay enough attention on them. It is no surprise when the firms fail in the international businesses. Evidences have been found and prove that business failures in the international arena are usually relative to poor human resource management (Dowling, Festing, Engle, 2008, p. 9).In addition, human resource management in an international environment is even more complex than domestic human resource management. Therefore, if the firms want to succeed in the international arena, they should not only have a good domestic HRM, but also have a good international HRM. To have a good international HRM, they can not just copy domestic HRM. They should know that there are differences between domestic HRM and international HRM. The complexity of operating in foreign countries and employing workers from different countries is a key variable that makes domestic and international HRM different (Dowling, et al. 008, p. 5). The complexity of international HR can be attributed to six factors, but here we just discuss three of them (more human resource activities, more involvement in employees’ personal lives, higher risk) and the differences of the training of employees. 2. Differences 2. 1 International HRM has more human resource activities than domestic HRM. Domestic HRM include at lease six activities: human resource planning; staffing; performance management; training and development; compensation and benefits; industrial relations.However, the scope of international HRM is much broader than that of domestic HRM. In other words, international HRM has some activities the same as domestic HRM (e. g. , human resource planning and staffing), but some activities which are not necessary in domestic HRM will be necessary in international HRM, too. These activities are issues connected with: international taxation; international relocation and orientation; administrative services for expatriates; host-government relations; and language translation services (Aswathappa, 2007).Firstly, in domestic environment, employees of the company are all from only one country, and activities such as international relocation, orientation and language translation services are not needed. The company will save much time, effort and money in this case. But when the company goes into international environment, it must put additional time, effort and money on international relocation, orientation and language translation services, etc. to help expatriates adapt the new environment which is differ from their own countries (Sims, 2007).Secondly, in domestic environment, company just needs to deal with domestic taxation. However, in international environment, company not only needs to deal with domestic (home-country) taxation, but also needs to deal with international (host-county) taxation. Thirdly, in international environment, company should provide administrative services for expatriates, because policies and procedures will sometimes be vague and be opposite to local environment.But these services are usually a time-consuming and complex activity. Let me give an example of ethical conflicts. Ethical problems will occur when some thing which is legal and accepted in the home country becomes illegal or unethical in the host country (Dowling, et al. 2008). Fourthly, in the international environment, host-government relations are activities that are very important in the human resource management of the company, especially in developing countries.In developing countries, if multinational managers of the company have a good personal relationship with the host- country government officials, it will be helpful to solve potential problems such as work permits and other important certificates, which are cause by vague eligibility and compliance criteria (Dowling, et al. 2008). There are more other human resource activities that are not needed in domestic HRM, but here they will not be introduced one by one in detail. 2. 2 International HRM has more involvement in employees’ personal lives than domestic HRM.In the domestic environment, the human resource department of the company has a limited involvement in its employees’ personal lives. In domestic environment, company will provide health insurance programs for employees. And the company will also provide help and convenience for employees and their families when the employees have an assignment to transfer in domestic (Dowling, et al. 2008). However, company can not just do what it does when it is in domestic. It must involve more in its employees’ personal lives.And this is necessary for the selection, training and effective management of staffs (Dowling, et al. 2008). In my opinion, there are two reasons for a greater degree of involvement in employees’ personal lives. One is that the way an employee acts and talks outside of their job may have an effect on the company’s image (whether bad or good). We are living in global village. Information is very easily to get. If an employee has misbehaviors and most probably these misbehaviors would damage the company and the guilty employee (â€Å"Personal Life Matter Company,† 2010).Another is that in order to get a better performance from employees, knowing more about the personal lives of employees and involved more will help company to meet the employees’ demand and provide the required level of support. Consequently, in the international environment, the human resource department involved in housing arrangements, health care, transportation, education, entertainment for expatriates and local staffs, and all aspects of the compensation provided for the assignment (cost-of-living allowances, premiums, taxes, etc. ).Most of these activities will only occur in the international assignment, and in the domestic assignment these activities will be done by employee themselves instead of the human resource department of the company (Dowling, et al. 2008). 2. 3 International HRM has higher level of risk than domestic HRM. As a resource risk, domestic human resource risk not only has mutual risks of general resources (shortage risk, backlog risk, loss risk, etc. ), but also has its own unique and proprietary risks (value-added risk, confidential risk, competitive risk, etc. ).And these risks are in the daily work of human resource management (Nengyuan, 2011). Apart from these risks, there are other important risks, such as the risk of employee recruitment, the risk of staff placement, the risk of salary management, the risk of labor relationship management (â€Å"Human Resource Risk Management,† n. d. ). Because the complexity of international businesses, international HRM has more risks and higher level of risk. If the company fails, the result will be more severe than that in domestic. There are mainly three more risks in international HRM.Firstly, they are expatriate failure (the premature return of an expatriate from an international assignment) and under-performance in the international assignment. For companies in the international arena, these two things are high-cost problems and potentially risks. If one of these happens, the large amount of money (may be as large as three times the domestic salary plus relocation expenses) the company paid will be in vain. Secondly, it is terrorism. Since September 11, 2001, the tragic 9/11 attack in New York, terrorism has became a great risk.Company and its human resource managers may have to worry about the safety of employees. Of course, it depends on the countries or regions the company operates. In some countries, the degree of safety is low; and in some others, it is relatively high. But in the world today, where terrorism is common in many countries, companies have to spend some of their revenues in protecting employees from terrorism. Usually domestic human resource managers do not have to deal with this trouble problem—terrorism (Aswathappa, 2007). Thirdly, it is political risk. For companies in the international arena, political risk  is the risk which a host country will make political decisions that  will prove to greatly and badly affect the profits and goals of the companies (â€Å"Political Risk and What Can Company Do,† n. d. ). Political risk can range from very adverse activities,  such as great damage from revolution, to financial policies, such as the change of import and export interest rate. Generally speaking, there are two types of political risk,  macro risk  and micro  risk.Macro risk is the actions that will have a bad effect on all the foreign companies, such as expropriation or insurrection, yet micro risk is the actions that will only have a bad effect on a certain area or business of industry, such as corruption and prejudice against foreign companies (â€Å"Political Risk and What Can Company Do,† n. d. ). Anyway, regardless of the type of political risk that companies will face, companies should prepare well for these bad situations or in other word, political risk. Otherwise, companies will probably pay a lot of money for their unprepared actions. 2. International HRM on the training of employees is different from that of domestic HRM. Companies provide training for employees in order that new employees can match with their job better and old employees can keep pace with the times and technology. Therefore, training of employees has become an important part of human resource management of companies (â€Å"Thoughts about Training of Staffs,† 2011). In the domestic setting, training is to provide learning and progress of knowledge, skills and attitudes for employees. Learning of knowledge is the main aspects of employees’ training.It includes learning of truth knowledge and learning of procedure knowledge. Through the training, employees can grasp the basic knowledge of their jobs (â€Å"Employees’ Training and Development,† n. d. ). The usage of knowledge must have certain skills. Thus there will be training for technical ability (cognitive ability, reading ability and writing ability). In addition, training of interpersonal ability may be included in the training course. In the international setting, training of employees also contains the training activities that domestic training has (e. . various aspects of practice training, such as management training, technical training, system training, operating procedure training, etc. ). But international human resource training is not completely the same as domestic human resource training. If the company wants its expatriates to meet the skills and performance needs of the certain job to avoid personal professional failure and reduce the likelihood of expatriate assignment failure, it has the responsibility to enhance the expatriates’ cross-cultural awareness (Black and Mendenhall, 1991).Cross-cultural awareness training can lead to positive outcomes of employees such as increasing employees’ tolerance, understanding, appreciation and respect for the differences of others (Oddou and Mendenhall, 1991), and help employees increase their interpersonal and team work effectiveness in the cross-cultural environment through the development of their practical skills (Vance Paderon, 1993). Consequently, international human resource training focuses on cross-cultural awareness training.In other words, the main content of international human resource training is cross-cultural awareness training. Cross-cultural awareness training includes trainings such as cultural sensitivity training, language learning, cross-cultural communication, cross-cultural conflict resolution, regional environment simulation, etc. Through these cross-cultural awareness trainings, culture shocks which expatriates may face to can be reduced, and expatriates can adapt the local environment quickly and play their role effectively (Xinqi, 2004). 3. ConclusionFrom the development process of the enterprise operation management in nearly one hundred years, it is not hard to find that the enterprise management has experienced the following evolution process. That is from production orientation to market orientation, and then to human resource orientation. According to this evolution process, we can know that the 21st century today is the times for human resource orientation of enterprise. However, in the 21st century, human resource management has also developed. It was not only a simply human resource management just in the domestic setting any more.It has gone outside of domestic and transcended the limitations of traditional national borders. With the fast development of globalization, MNCs’ are becoming more and more into the center of the global economy stage, and the HRM is becoming more and more into the international HRM (Xinqi, 2004). Thus if companies want to succeed in the international arena, it is very important to grasp international HRM well and identify the differences between traditional domestic HRM and international HRM. Refference: [1] Black, J. S. and M. E. Mendenhall. (1991).

Property, Urban Poverty and Spatial marginalization

Introduction This paper examines the connection between property, and urban poverty and spatial marginalization. The views of two articles are used in showing the connection. These articles examine how homelessness is connected to property. Various perspectives as discussed in these articles are highlighted in this paper.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Property, Urban Poverty and Spatial marginalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Property, and urban poverty and spatial marginalization There is a deep connection between property, and urban poverty and spatial marginalization. Both Blomley (2009) and Baron (2004) explore this correlation from various perspectives. They base their arguments on homelessness cases as they are related to the issue of property ownership. According to their arguments, urban poverty and spatial marginalization are directly proportional. No right to housing The relationship between property, and urban poverty and spatial marginalization depends on the perspective taken. For instance, Baron (2004) argues that the manner in which property is viewed by the Supreme Court dictates whether urban poverty leads to homelessness or not. She notes that Supreme Court precedents have not recognized the right to housing. If they had recognized it, then it could be possible for a legal remedy to be invoked to place the homeless somewhere they can call home. But because this is not the case, urban poverty has led to spatial marginalization and consequently to homelessness. Property law and urban poverty Urban poverty and property can also be related in terms of law. Freedom is viewed as the connecting fabric of these two, specifically â€Å"embodied freedoms relating to personal survival and human bodily functions, such as sleeping† (Blomley, 2009, p. 578). The actions relating to these freedoms have to be practiced somewhere and property rules regulate who is allowed to be where to do what. The property rules, however do not allow the homeless to practice these freedoms anywhere in private property. Taking into consideration that extreme urban poverty often leads to homelessness, Blomley (2009) points out that property law antagonizes the urban poor. The homeless are only left to use places where private property law does not govern, for example, the streets. Unfortunately, the poor faces painful seclusion when public laws are instituted in order to forbid using public places for functions such as sleeping (Blomley, 2009, p. 578). The homeless are left â€Å"comprehensively unfree† (Blomley, 2009, p. 578).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Blomley (2009) observes that the working of the property market also makes a significant contribution to the urban poverty and consequently leads to spatial marginalization. This is specifically b ecause of â€Å"property law and its delegated forms of sovereignty† (Blomley, 2009, p. 581). It is natural that the value of land and by extension the structures erected on it, specifically buildings, appreciate in value with time. This however is not the case for clients who hire such buildings. The rising rents have continuously pushed renters to save less since their incomes have generally been decreasing thus increasing their vulnerability to urban poverty. The property market seems to be working in a manner that increases wealth for the owners but pushes the renters towards poverty levels. Another manner in which property relates directly to urban poverty is given through an illustration of the hygiene wars in central Seattle (Blomley, 2009). Urban poverty can directly devalue the worth of property in a given setting. This happens when the level of poverty is so high to the level that it causes homelessness. The homeless may go about sleeping in the streets, urinating a round dark places and begging for money in the streets. Such a scenario will reduce the worth of a place and investors may be reluctant to make investment in such areas. Central Seattle was confronted by such a scenario and its municipal authorities sought to solve the hygiene issue by setting up a hygiene center to offer services such as â€Å"showers, toilets, laundry and the like† (Blomley, 2009, p. 585). The center was however strongly opposed being viewed as â€Å"inappropriate, threatening a number of high-profile property sales† (Blomley, 2009. 585). This illustration shows how far property is antagonistic to urban poverty.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Property, Urban Poverty and Spatial marginalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Blomley (2009) also notes that the lack of understanding, or maybe the need to protect property, has increased the antagonism of property on urban poverty and spatial marginalization. This has been observed in major cities of the world whereby stricter laws have been instituted against â€Å"sitting or lying in designated public places† (Blomley, 2009. p. 583). Property owners are constantly finding ways to protect their properties from being infiltrated by the urban poor specifically the homeless. The homeless as a result are continuously being marginalized and secluded from where the properties are. Conclusion The connection between property, and urban poverty and spatial marginalization is one that is antagonistic. The Supreme Court precedents have indicated that there is no right to housing. This makes it hard for the urban poor who are homeless to seek legal remedies for their homelessness because the law is not on their side. Property law has also been seen to push the urban poor to the edge by denying them a space to do things which are basic to their survival. References Baron, J. B. (2004). Homelessness as a property p roblem. The Urban Lawyer, 36(2), 273-288. Blomley, N. (2009). Homelessness, rights, and the delusion of property. Urban Geography, 30(6), 577-590. This essay on Property, Urban Poverty and Spatial marginalization was written and submitted by user JackPower to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Letter of Transmittal Essays - Zika Virus, Health, Medicine

Letter of Transmittal TO: Professor Saporito FROM: Denisha Sydney DATE: December 11 th , 2016 SUBJECT: Recommendation Report on Breastfeeding Practices in A reas of Zika virus Transmission Dear Ms. Saporito : This report provides recommendations on Breastfeeding P ractices in Areas of Zika virus Transmission. There is presently a vast scale plague of Zika infection disease in the Americas. For the vast majority, contaminations brought about by Zika infection prompt to a mellow and fleeting sickness, yet Zika has now been affirmed as the reason for fetal microcephaly and other birth imperfections, and it has been connected to certain neurological issue. This article offers some knowledge into Zika infection disease, administration of ladies who are pregnant or arranging a pregnancy, and the ramifications of Zika infection for rehearsing maternity specialists in the UK. This report will analyze h ealth impacts and dangers that may hinder contamination amid pregnancy which can bring about genuine birth surrenders and is connected with other pregnancy issues. Several nations that have encountered Zika flare-ups as of late have reported increments in individuals who have Guillain-Barre disorder (GBS). Zika virus and infant feeding will continue to follow the research development in the area of infant feeding, especially in the context of the Zika virus outbreak. The steering group will meet at or before 6 months from publication of this guideline, to review any new data and determine whether an update might be indicated. This report is also credi ted to the assistance of Ministry of Environmental Public Health along with my extensive research. For further details, you can contact me anytime at your inconvenience. Denisha Sydney Recommendation Report Breastfeed ing Practices in Areas of Zika V irus Transmission. Denisha Sydney Monroe College This is an introduction to recommend breastfeeding practices in areas of Zika virus transmission, and their implementation s . It may also be used to inform communication to the general public. TABLE OF CONTENTS LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 PROBLEM 6 BACKGROUND 6 BODY 7 CONCLUSIONS 13 RECOMMENDATIONS 14 REFERENCES 15 ABSTRACT / EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report will assist the Ministry of Public Health Emergency of International Concern with implementing programs to minimize transmission of Zika Virus infants. Zika infection is a mosquito-borne infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes; a similar mosquito likewise transmits other vector-borne illnesses - dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. Right now, there is no treatment or immunization to ensure particularly ag ainst Zika infection disease. This rule is a piece of an assortment of work that investigates accessible confirmation for conceivable adequate restorative explanations behind transitory or lo ng haul end of breastfeeding. It redesigns the between time direction on breastfeeding with regards to the Zika infection distribu ted by WHO on 25 February 2016 . A deliberate audit taking after the methodology of the Cochrane handbook for precise surveys of intercessions was dispatched to decide the danger of transmission of Zika infection through bosom drain or other breastfeeding-related organic liquids (i.e. blood, sweat and salivation), and to survey the nearness of Zika infection what's more, Zika-particular antibodies in bosom drain and other breastfeeding-related natural liquids. The inquiry technique included electronic databases and also the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO Zika inquire about ventures list (8) and the WHO-facilitated International Clinica l Trials Registry Platform. The survey distinguished two case-reports depicting three mother-infant sets. The three breastfeeding moms had affirmed Zika infection disease and were symptomatic inside 3 days of conveyance. Two of the three newborn children conceived of these moms had affirmed Zika infection disease. The Zika infection was recognized in the bosom drain of every one of the three moms, and appeared to be replicative in cell culture in tests from one mother. In any case, the present information is not adequate to finish up transmission by means of breastfeeding. The orderly survey too distinguished three reviews that affirmed the nearness of the Zika infection in serum and salivation of grown-up ladies and men. No reviews have researched the nearness of Zika infection in sweat. The general nature of confirmation for suspected, plausible or affirmed Zika infection contamina tion among newborn children or youthful kids breastfeeding from moms with Zika infection contamination, and the nearness (recognized

Coordinate Geometry and Points on SAT Math Complete Guide

Coordinate Geometry and Points on SAT Math Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Coordinate geometry is one of the heavy-hitter topics on the SAT, and you'll need to be able to maneuver your way through its many facets in order to take on the variety of questions you'll see on the test. Luckily, though, coordinate geometry is not difficult to visualize or wrap your head around once you know the basics. And we are here to show you how. There will usually be two questions on any given SAT that involve points alone, and another 2-3 questions that will involve lines and slopes and/or rotations, reflections, or translations. This makes up a significant portion of your SAT math section, so it is a good idea to understand the ins and outs of coordinate geometry before you tackle the test. This will be your complete guide to points and the building blocks for coordinate geometry- how to find and manipulate points, distances, and midpoints, as well as strategies for solving these types of questions on test day. What is Coordinate Geometry? Geometry always takes place on a plane, which is a flat surface that goes on infinitely in all directions. The coordinate plane refers to a plane that has scales of measurement along the $x$- and $y$-axes. Coordinate geometry is the geometry that takes place in the coordinate plane. Coordinate Scales The $\bi x$-axis is the scale that measures horizontal distance along the coordinate plane. The $\bi y$-axis is the scale that measures vertical distance along the coordinate plane. The intersection of the two planes is called the origin. We can find any point along the infinite span of the plane by using its position with regard to the $x$- and $y$-axes and to the origin. We mark this location with coordinates, written as $(x, y)$. The $x$ value tells us how far along (and in which direction) our point is along the $x$-axis. The $y$ value tells us how far along (and in which direction) our point is along the $y$-axis. For instance, This point is 7 units to the right of the origin and 4 units above the origin. This means that our point is located at coordinates $(7, 4)$. Anywhere to the right of the origin will have a positive $\bi x$ value. Anywhere left of the origin will have a negative $\bi x$ value. Anywhere vertically above the origin will have a positive $\bi y$ value. Anywhere vertically below the origin will have a negative $\bi y$ value. By breaking the coordinate plane up into four quadrants, we can see that any point will have certain properties in terms of its positivity or negativity, depending on where it is located. Distances and Midpoints When given two coordinate points, you can find both the distance between them as well as the midpoint between the two original points. We can find these values by using formulas or by using other geometry techniques. Let's look at each option. No distance is too much for a genius with a plan. Or a genius who is hungry. Either way. Image: Gwendal Uguen/Flickr Distance Formula $√{(x_2−x_1)^2+(y_2−y_1)^2}$ There are two options for finding the distance between two points- using the distance formula, or using the Pythagorean Theorem. Let's look at both. Solving Method 1: Distance Formula If you prefer to use formulas when you take standardized tests, then go ahead and memorize the distance formula above. You will NOT be provided the distance formula on the test, so, if you choose this route, make sure you can memorize the formula accurately and call upon it as needed. (Remember- a formula you remember incorrectly is worse than not knowing a formula at all!) Let us say we have two points, $(7, -2)$ and $(-5, 3)$, and we must find the distance between the two. If we simply plug our values into our distance formula, we get: $√{(x_2−x_1)^2+(y_2−y_1)^2}$ $√{(−5−7)^2+(3−(−2))^2}$ $√{(−12)^2+(5)^2}$ $√{144+25}$ $√{169}$ $13$ The distance between our two points is 13. Solving Method 2: Pythagorean Theorem $a^2+b^2=c^2$ Alternatively, we can always find the distance between two points by using the Pythagorean Theorem. This way takes slightly longer, but doesn't require us to expend energy memorizing extra formulas and carries less risk of us remembering the formula wrong. Remember that you are given the Pythagorean Theorem on every SAT math section, so you never have to fear mis-remembering it. It is also a formula that you've likely had to use much more often than most other formulas, so odds are that it's familiar to you. Simply turn the coordinate points and the distance between them into a right triangle, with the distance acting as a hypotenuse. From the coordinates, we can find the lengths of the legs of the triangle and use the Pythagorean Theorem to find our distance. For example, let us use the same coordinates from earlier to find the distance between them using this method instead. Find the distance between the points $(7, -2)$ and $(-5, 3)$ First, start by mapping out your coordinates. Next, make the legs of your right triangles. If we count the points along our plane, we can see that we have leg lengths of 12 and 5. Now we can plug these numbers in and use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the final piece of our triangle, the distance between our two points. $a^2+b^2=c^2$ $12^2+5^2=c^2$ $144+25=c^2$ $169=c^2$ $c=13$ The distance between our two points is, once again, 13. [Special Note: If you are familiar with your triangle shortcuts, you may have noticed that this triangle was what we call a 5-12-13 triangle. Because it is one of the regular right triangles, you technically don't even need the Pythagorean Theorem to know that the hypotenuse will be 13 if the two legs are 5 and 12. This is a shortcut that can be useful to know, but is NOT necessary to know, as you can see.] Midpoint Formula $$({x_1+x_2}/2, {y_1+y_2}/2)$$ In addition to finding the distance between two points, we can also find the midpoint between two coordinate points. Because this will be another point on the plane, it will have its own set of coordinates. If you look at the formula, you can see that the midpoint is the average of each of the values of a particular axis. So the midpoint will always be the average of the $x$ values and the average of the $y$ values, written as a coordinate point. For example, let us take the same points we used for our distance formula, $(7, -2)$ and $(-5, 3)$. If we take the average of our $x$ values, we get: $${7+(-5)}/2$$ $$2/2$$ $$1$$ And if we take the average of our $y$ values, we get: $${−2+3}/2$$ $$1/2$$ $$1/2$$ The midpoint of the line will be at coordinates $(1, 1/2)$. If we look at our picture from earlier, we can see that this is true. It is difficult to find the midpoint of a line without use of the formula, but by thinking of it as finding the average of each axis value may make it easier to visualize and remember, rather than thinking of it in terms of a "formula." Now, just measure the midpoint of an endless stretch of road- no problem. Typical Point Questions Point questions on the SAT will generally fall into one of three categories- questions about how the coordinate plane works, counting questions, and midpoint or distance questions. Let's look at each type. Coordinate Questions Questions about the coordinate plane test how well you understand exactly how the coordinate plane works, as well as how to manipulate points and lines within it. In the $xy$-coordinate plane, how many points are a distance of 4 units from the origin? A. OneB. TwoC. FourD. More than four For a question like this, it may be tempting to answer C, four. After all, there will be four distinct points 4 units from the origin, two on the $x$-axis (one right and one left), and two on the $y$-axis (one up and one down). But answering this way would disregard the realities of circles. Imagine that we have circle with a midpoint at the origin whose circumference touches each of the points 4 units from the origin. Now, if we remember our circle definitions, we know that all straight lines drawn from the center of the circle to the circumference will all be equal. We also know that there are infinite such lines. This means that there will be infinitely many point that are 4 units from the origin. These points may have "weird" coordinates (as in non-integer values), but they will be points 4 units from the origin all the same. Our final answer is D, More than 4. Counting Questions Counting questions are exactly what they sound like- you will be given a diagram of the coordinate plane (or, rarely, you must create your own) and then you will be asked to count distances from specific point to specific point. On occasion, you may also be asked to count seemingly "odd" measurements, like the values of your $x$ and $y$ coordinates. For instance, For this question, you must first understand what absolute values mean. From there, it is a simple matter of counting the x and y values from their coordinate points. For a question like this, the most efficient path is to work from our answer choices. Since our answer choices are NOT in order of "greatest to least," it will not help us to start with the middle answer choice and work our way from there, as we would normally do when plugging in answers. Knowing that, let us simply work in order from first to last, until we find our right answer. Point A is at coordinates $(-3, -3)$. So let us find the sum of their absolute values. $|x|+|y|$ $|−3|+|−3|$ $3+3$ 6 Since we are looking for the value 5, this answer is too large. We can eliminate answer choice A. Point B is at coordinates $(-4, 1)$ $|x|+|y|$ $|−4|+|1|$ $4+1$ 5 Success! We have found the answer choice that gives us coordinates whose absolute values add up to 5. Because there will only ever be one correct answer on any SAT question, we can stop here. Our final answer is B. Midpoint and Distance Questions Midpoint and distance questions will be fairly straightforward and ask you for exactly that- the distance or the midpoint between two points. You may have to find distances or midpoints from a scenario question (a hypothetical situation or a story) or simply from a straightforward math question (e.g., "What is the distance from points $(4, 5)$ and $(8, -2)$?"). Let's look at an example of a scenario question, Rosa and Marco met up for dinner and then drove home separately from the restaurant. To get home from the restaurant, Rosa drove north 6 miles and Marco drove west 8 miles. How far apart do Rosa and Marco live? A. 8 milesB. 10 milesC. 12 milesD. 14 miles First, let us make a quick sketch of our scenario. Now, because this is a distance question, we have the option of using either our distance formula or using the Pythagorean theorem. Since we have already begun by drawing out our diagram, let us continue on this path and use the Pythagorean theorem. Now, we can see that we have made a right triangle from the legs of distance we have already. Rosa drove 6 miles north and Marco drove 8 miles west, which means that the legs of our triangle will be 6 and 8. Now we can find the hypotenuse by using the Pythagorean theorem. $6^2+8^2=c^2$ $36+64=c^2$ $100=c^2$ c=√{100}$ $c=10$ [Note: if you remember your shortcuts for right triangles, you could have saved yourself some time and simply known that our distance/hypotenuse was 10. Why? Because a right triangle with legs of 6 and 8 is a 3-4-5 triangle multiplied by 2. So the hypotenuse would be $5*2=10$.] The distance between Marco's house and Rosa's house is 10 miles. Our final answer is B, 10 miles. "The worst distance between two people is misunderstanding"- Unknown. Or, you know, 10 miles. Strategies for Solving Point Questions Though point questions can come in a variety of forms, there are a few strategies you can follow to help master them. #1: Always Write Down Given Information Though it may be tempting to work through questions in your head, it is easy to make mistakes with your point questions if you do not write down your givens. This is especially the case when working with negatives or with absolute values. In addition, most of the time you are given a diagram with marked points on the coordinate plane, you will not be given coordinates. This is because the test makers feel it would be too simple a problem to solve had you been given coordinates (take, for example, the question involving absolute values from earlier). So take a moment to write down your coordinates and any other given information in order to keep it straight in your head. #2: Draw It Out In addition to writing down your given information, draw pictures of your scenarios. Make your own pictures if you are given none, draw on top of them if you are given diagrams. Never underestimate the value of marked information or a sketch- even a rough approximation can help you keep track of more information than you can (or should try to) in your head. Time and energy are two precious resourses at your disposal when taking the SAT and it takes little of each to make a rough sketch, but can cost you both to keep all your information in your head. #3: Decide Now Whether or Not to Use Formulas If you feel more comfortable using formulas than using the slightly more drawn-out techniques, then decide now to memorize your formulas. Remember that memorizing a formula wrong is worse than not remembering it at all, so make sure that you memorize and practice your formula knowledge between now and test day to lock it in your head. If, however, you are someone who prefers to dedicate your study efforts elsewhere (or you simply feel that you won't remember the formula correctly on the day of the test), then go ahead and forget them. Use the Pythagorean theorem instead of memorizing the distance formula and wash your hands of memorization altogether. There are multiple ways to solve most SAT math problems, so your choices should best match your own personal strengths and weaknesses Image: ljphillips34/Flickr Test Your Knowledge Now, let's test your point knowledge on some more real SAT math questions. 1. What is the midpoint of the line that begins at coordinates $(-3, 2)$ and ends at $(5, -10)$? A. (6, -4)B. (4, -1)C. (1, 4)D. (-1, -6)E. (1, -4) 2. 3. (Refer to information in question 2) 4. (Refer to information in question 2) Answers: E, D, A, B Answer Explanations: 1. To find the midpoint of the line connecting two points, we must take the average of each of the values along a particular axis. First, as always, it is a good idea to take a moment to map out the coordinates of our given points. This will help us keep track of our information, especially considering there are negatives involved. First, let us take the average of our two $x$-values. ${-3+5}/2$ $2/2$ 1 Now, let us take the average of our two $y$-values. ${2+(-10)}/2$ $-8/2$ $−4$ The midpoint of our line will be at coordinates $(1, -4)$ We can see that this is likely the correct answer, as it neatly fits into our diagram. Our final answer is E, $(1, -4)$. 2. Here, we have a counting question. We are not being asked to find the linear distance between two points, F and W, but to find them along a grid. So let us draw the various pathways from F to W. As you can see, the shortest paths from F to W are all 3 3$1/2$ units long, which makes 3$1/2$ the m-distance. Our final answer is D, 3$1/2$ 3. Again, we have what amounts to another counting question. This is also a definite case of when it is a good idea to draw pictures so that we do not repeat potential $m$-distance routes from F to Z. So let us find our routes. First, start by finding one of the most direct paths, which in this case is a distance of 4 units. Next, trace all the paths that follow the lines from F to Z. If any of our new paths span less than 4 units, it will of course become our new m-distance, but for now we are working under the assumption that the $m$-distance is 4. All of our paths travel a distance of 4 units, making this our m-distance. If you were careful to keep track of all your paths and not count any of them more than once, then you will see that there are 6 routes from F to Z that will measure the minimum distance. Our final answer is A, six. 4. Now, this question may seem tricky because it looks, at first glance, almost exactly like one of our questions from earlier in the guide, which asked us, "How many points are 4 units from the origin?" In that case, the answer was "infinitely many," because all the points 4 units from the origin formed a circle, and there are always infinite points on a circle. In this case, we are being asked to find all the points ${m-3}$-distance from a particular point. This is NOT the same as asking for the number of points 3 units from a point (in this case, point F). Why not? Because the problem defined $m$-distance as the minimum distance traveled along a grid, not the distance in all directions. So if we start tracing all the distances ${m-3}$-units from F, we can start to see the pattern. Once we've mapped out all the possible lines ${m-3}$-units from F in one quadrant of our map, we can expand it outwards to see the shape that emerges. We can see that all the points ${m-3}$-distance from F form a square. Our final answer is B, a square. Think you deserve a treat for all that hard work. The Take Aways Understanding the coordinate plane and how points fit in it are the basic building blocks for coordinate geometry. With these understandings, you will be able to perform more complex coordinate geometry tasks, such as finding slopes and rotating shapes. Coordinate geometry is not an insignificant part of the SAT math section, but luckily success is mostly a matter of organization and diligence. Be careful to keep track of your negatives and all your moving pieces and you'll be able to dominate those point questions and all the coordinate geometry the SAT can throw at you. What's Next? Ready to tackle more SAT math topics? You're in luck! We've got guides for every math topic on the SAT, so come check them out. From probabilities to polygons, fractions to functions- we've got you covered. Running out of time on the SAT math section? Check out our guide on how to beat the clock and maximize your SAT math score. Bitten by the procrastination bug? 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